Science — Class 9

Introduces the scientific way of looking at the world — observation, measurement, evidence and the questions that drive secondary-school science.

The cell as the basic unit of life: cell theory, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the main organelles and what each one does.

Plant and animal tissues — meristematic and permanent tissues, and how epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues carry out their jobs.

Describing motion: distance and displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration, and reading distance–time and velocity–time graphs.

Types of mixtures — solutions, suspensions and colloids — and separation methods such as filtration, evaporation, distillation and chromatography.

How forces change motion: balanced and unbalanced forces, Newton’s laws of motion, inertia and momentum.

Work done by a force, kinetic and potential energy, conservation of energy, power, and how simple machines make work easier.

Inside the atom: electrons, protons and neutrons, and how the model of the atom developed from Thomson to Bohr.

Atoms and molecules as the foundations of matter — atomic and molecular mass, the mole, and how elements combine into compounds.

How sound is produced and travels, its characteristics, reflection and echoes, and everyday applications of sound.

How life continues — asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and animals and how living things pass life to the next generation.

The diversity of living organisms and the patterns and characteristics used to classify them into groups.

Earth as a connected system — its spheres, the cycling of matter and energy, natural resources and how living things interact with their surroundings.